Poles, North and South

North–north, North–south, and South–south Relations

First Lidar Observations of Middle Atmosphere Temperatures, Fe Densities, and Polar Mesospheric Clouds Over the North and South Poles

An Fe Boltzmann temperature lidar was used to obtain the first measurements of middle atmosphere temperatures, Fe densities, and polar mesospheric louds (PMCs) over the North and South Poles during the 1999-2000 summer seasons. The measured temperature structure of the mesopause and lower thermosphere regions in mid-summer at both Poles is consistent with the MSIS90 model. The density profiles ...

North - South Trade *

RRH: ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT STANDARDS LRH: Jota Ishikawa and Toshihiro Okubo Abstract Consumption is one channel through which the environment is damaged. To protect the environment, various product standards have been introduced across the world. This paper uses a new economic geography framework to explore the effects of environmental product standards on environment in a North-South trade mod...

North South Shared Aquatic Resource

Assessing ecological quality of standing waters under the European Water Framework directive (2000/60/EC) requires inclusion of biological elements. For all surface waters this includes the “composition and abundance of benthic invertebrate fauna”. The use of benthic macroinvertebrates in river monitoring has a long tradition and is used routinely in many countries (Hellawell 1986; Metcalfe 198...

North-south Trade in Ireland

We address the question of whether the volume of manufacturing trade between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland is more or less than might be expected in the light of international experience. We estimate a gravity equation for bilateral manufacturing trade between 28 developed countries from 1970 to 1992. Using the results as benchmark, we find that North-South trade in Ireland is gr...